Becoming a librarian in Canada: the ALA-accredited master's degree Job Bank lists as required, the Canadian schools that hold that accreditation, the unregulated status of the occupation, and how the librarian role differs from library technician work.
Applies in: CA
A librarian in Canada is not made by loving books, and not made by working in a library alone. The hiring bar is specific, it is stated in the same words wherever the federal Job Bank states it, and it runs through a master's degree. This guide follows that bar in order: the credential, the accreditation that makes the credential count, the Canadian schools that hold it, the settings where librarians work, and the neighbouring role, library technician, that is often confused with it.
Job Bank describes librarians under NOC 51100 as people who select, develop, organize, and maintain library collections and provide advisory services for users, employed in libraries or other establishments with library services throughout the public and private sectors. That description covers the work. The credential section below covers the entry requirement. Nothing in this guide promises employment, a posting, or an admission offer. Postings and schools decide those, one at a time.
Job Bank states the employment requirement for librarians in Canada in two lines: a master's degree in library science or a master's degree in library and information studies, or a master's degree from a program accredited by the American Library Association is required. The source named on the Job Bank page is the National Occupational Classification. Treat that wording as the standard route. It does not say that a bachelor's degree plus library experience is equivalent, and it does not say that a master's degree in another field is equivalent. Where a posting asks for an ALA-accredited master's degree by name, the accreditation of the program that granted the degree is the point being checked, not only the degree title.
The degree names vary, and the variation is normal. The ALA directory page states that accredited master's programs offer degrees with names such as Master of Library Science, Master of Arts, Master of Librarianship, Master of Library and Information Studies, and Master of Science. In Canada, the names on the linked school pages include Master of Library and Information Studies at Alberta and British Columbia, Master of Information at Toronto and Dalhousie, Master of Information Studies at McGill, and the Maitrise en sciences de l'information at the Universite de Montreal. Compare programs by their accreditation status and their curriculum, not by whether the degree letters match the letters in a posting. Where a posting names a specific degree, confirm with the employer whether the degree held is accepted before assuming it is.
A bachelor's degree is the step before the master's degree, and every linked school page states a version of that requirement. The schools do not agree on the grade minimum, the statement length, or the reference count, and this guide does not flatten those differences into one national entry standard. The school-by-school section states each school's own wording as read on its own page. A four-year bachelor's degree is the common starting point on the linked pages, with Toronto and British Columbia both stating a four-year degree, Alberta stating a completed four-year undergraduate degree, McGill stating a bachelor's degree from a recognized university, Dalhousie describing direct entry from any undergraduate degree, and Montreal describing admission for holders of a North American bachelor's degree or its equivalent in any discipline.
Librarianship is not a licensed occupation in Canada on the evidence linked. Job Bank states, under professional certification and licensing for librarians in Canada, that it has no information on professional certification requirements and that, according to its records, this occupation is not regulated in Canada. There is no licensing examination, no provincial register, and no regulator named on that page to apply to after graduation. That does not make the master's degree optional. It makes the degree, and its accreditation, the whole gate: employers check the credential because no regulator checks the person.
Keep three ideas separate. Accreditation belongs to the degree program: the ALA states that its accreditation indicates a program has undergone external review and meets the ALA Committee on Accreditation's Standards for Accreditation of Master's Programs in Library and Information Studies. A professional association membership, where a posting mentions one, is not a licence. And a job posting's own requirements, such as a second language, a driver's licence for a mobile or rural role, or a criminal record check for work with children, are employer requirements for that posting, not regulation of the occupation. Confirm each one on the posting itself.
The ALA directory is the check before any application. The directory page states that ALA-accredited master's programs can be found at colleges and universities in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico, that the ALA Office for Accreditation publishes the directory annually, and that the directory offers summary information only, with readers directed to consult the school directly for in-depth information regarding programs, course offerings, distance education programs, admissions, financial aid, and degrees. The directory contains listings for currently accredited programs only. A program that held accreditation in the past, or that is seeking it, is not the same as a program listed as currently accredited, and this guide carries no claim about any program's past or future status.
The searchable database linked lists eight Canadian entries, each shown with continued accreditation: University of Alberta, University of British Columbia, Dalhousie University, University of Ottawa, University of Toronto, University of Western Ontario (Western University), McGill University, and Universite de Montreal. That listing is the accreditation evidence in this guide. School-level detail below is stated only for the six schools whose own pages are linked in Sources. The University of Ottawa's own page could not be verified, so no Ottawa program detail is stated. Western University's own admissions page could not be verified, so no Western admission, course, or duration detail is stated; only its listing in the ALA database is carried. If either school is on a shortlist, open its own program and admissions pages and confirm accreditation, delivery, and entry requirements there before applying.
Recheck accreditation close to the application date. Accreditation status is reviewed on a cycle, the directory is updated annually, and a school's own page is the place that states its current delivery options. The Universite de Montreal school page, for example, states continued accreditation with the next comprehensive review visit planned for fall 2029. That is Montreal's stated position on its own page, not a statement about any other school.
Each entry below states only what that school's own linked page states, plus its ALA listing. Deadlines and figures are stated as shown on the linked page, and each entry directs the reader to recheck the school page, because these pages change between admission cycles.
The University of Alberta, in Edmonton, offers its Master of Library and Information Studies through the School of Library and Information Studies, in hybrid and online pathways. The hybrid page linked states that hybrid students take core courses in person and electives online asynchronously, that the pathway can be course-based or thesis-based and taken full-time or part-time, and that combined MA/MLIS and MBA/MLIS programs are offered for hybrid students in partnership with the Faculty of Arts and the Alberta School of Business. Admission requires a completed four-year undergraduate degree with a minimum GPA of 3.0, plus English language proficiency, technology proficiency, and supporting documentation. The course-based route requires 13 courses and a capping exercise, made up of 5 core courses, 2 information-technology-designated courses, and 6 electives. The thesis-based route requires 10 courses and a thesis paper. A full-time student will normally be able to complete the degree requirements in two years, while course-based students must complete all requirements within six years and thesis-based students within four years. The first required course, LIS 501, Foundations of Library and Information Studies, must be taken in the first semester.
The University of British Columbia, in Vancouver, offers the Master of Library and Information Studies through the School of Information, alongside a dual Master of Archival Studies and Master of Library and Information Studies. The admissions page linked lists the Master of Library and Information Studies application deadline as January 15, with supporting documents due February 1, as shown on that page. Admission requires a four-year bachelor's degree or the equivalent from a recognized university in any academic discipline, a minimum overall average in the B+ range, 76 percent at UBC, in third- and fourth-year level courses, and promise of superior professional performance as attested by letters of reference and the School of Information application questionnaire. Applicants submit two confidential letters of reference, an up-to-date curriculum vitae or resume, official transcripts, and a personal statement within 750 words. Applicants from a university outside Canada in which English is not the primary language of instruction must present evidence of competency in English. No English test score is stated in this guide for UBC, because no readable score is stated on the linked UBC page; confirm the required test and score on the UBC page itself.
McGill University, in Montreal, offers the Master of Information Studies, abbreviated MISt, through the School of Information Studies. The admissions page linked states fall, September, entry only, with the application system opening September 15 and completed applications due January 15 for both international and Canadian students. Admission requires a bachelor's degree from a recognized university with academic standing of at least a B, or second class, upper division, or a CGPA of 3.0 out of 4.0, and the School takes into account the character of applicants' post-secondary studies and their suitability for a career in information-related fields. Meeting the minimum requirements does not guarantee acceptance, as the page states. Applicants must demonstrate English language proficiency, since English is the primary language of instruction, and competency in the use of computers is expected. Required documentation includes transcripts, two references from instructors familiar with the applicant's academic work, a statement of approximately 800 to 1,000 words, a curriculum vitae, and proof of English language proficiency where applicable. Graduate Record Examination scores are not required, as the page states. No English test score is stated in this guide for McGill, because no readable scores are stated on the linked McGill page; confirm the required test and score on the McGill page itself.
The University of Toronto offers the Master of Information through the Faculty of Information. The admissions page linked states that applicants must hold a four-year bachelor's degree or equivalent from a recognized university, with a minimum average of mid-B, stated as 3.3 out of 4.0, and that presenting a mid-B average does not guarantee admission. Standardized tests such as the GMAT or GRE are not required or requested and will not be considered, as the page states. Applications are completed online through the School of Graduate Studies system, with an application fee of 135 Canadian dollars per application as stated on the linked page. Entry occurs once a year, with the next admission entry stated as September 2027 and a regular deadline of January 31, by which the application form, fee, and all supporting documents including references must be submitted, and decisions expected by the end of May. Supporting documents include transcripts from all post-secondary institutions attended, a curriculum vitae or resume, a statement of interest of 400 to 600 words with answers to a mandatory question and a reflective question, two academic letters of reference, and English language proficiency evidence where applicable. Confirm the current cycle's deadline and document wording on the Faculty of Information page before applying, since the page states that application dates are for the cycle shown there.
Western University, in London, Ontario, is listed in the ALA searchable database as the University of Western Ontario, Western University, with continued accreditation. No further Western detail is stated in this guide, because Western's own admissions page could not be verified and no admission figure, course count, or duration was verified on a Western page. That omission is deliberate: a figure taken from a search summary is not a figure verified on the school's page. Open the Faculty of Information and Media Studies Master of Library and Information Science pages directly and confirm delivery pathways, entry requirements, and deadlines there.
Dalhousie University, in Halifax, offers the Master of Information through the School of Information Management. The program-guide page linked states that the program is accredited by the American Library Association and globally recognized, that it is a direct-entry program meaning all undergraduate degrees are acceptable and no work experience is necessary for admission, and that graduates can directly enter the profession after graduating. The degree is a 20-month course of study for full-time students, requiring 15 half-credit courses, 45 credit hours, and the non-credit practicum. Full-time status means a minimum of 3 half-credit courses in a single term, with full-time students typically taking 4, and part-time students have 7 years to complete the degree. The program is designed for September admission with a fall intake only, with stated deadlines for September 2027 admission of January 31, 2027 for international applications except the United States, April 15, 2027 for United States applicants, August 1, 2027 for domestic applications, and March 1, 2027 for the domestic scholarship deadline. No grade minimum is stated in this guide for Dalhousie, because none was stated on the linked program-guide page; confirm the grade and document requirements on Dalhousie's admission requirements before applying. No tuition figure is stated, because the program-guide page describes its amounts as estimates that vary year to year; confirm the current fee schedule with Dalhousie Student Accounts.
The Universite de Montreal offers the Maitrise en sciences de l'information through the Ecole de bibliotheconomie et des sciences de l'information, entirely in French. The school page linked, in French, states that the program is open to holders of a North American bachelor's degree or its equivalent in any discipline, that the professional stream is 51 credits with fall admission only, limited enrolment, full-time and part-time study, and a mandatory internship of 36 working days, and that the research stream is 45 credits, made up of 24 course credits and 21 research credits. The school describes the program as the only information sciences program offered entirely in French in North America, and states that its Master of Information Sciences program holds continued accreditation from the ALA Committee on Accreditation, with the next comprehensive review visit planned for fall 2029. Working French is therefore a practical requirement for this program, and the level of French proof required, the grade requirement, and the application deadline must be confirmed on the university's admission page, since no grade figure or deadline is stated on the linked school page for the professional stream. Do not apply to this program on English-language preparation alone.
Delivery differs in ways that change who can realistically attend. Alberta's hybrid pathway puts core courses in person and electives online, while its online pathway is described on the school's program pages; this guide states the hybrid structure only, as read on the linked hybrid page, and the reader must confirm the current online structure on the school's own pages. British Columbia, Toronto, McGill, and Dalhousie are described on their linked pages as in-person programs, with Dalhousie stating primarily in-person delivery in its calendar material and McGill describing its MISt as full-time and in person in its fellowship material; confirm delivery, including any online or part-time option, on the school page for the cycle being applied to, rather than assuming a program can be completed remotely. Montreal is the French-language option, and the only entirely French program named on an linked school page. Language of instruction is a first filter, not a detail: a program taught in French requires French, and a program taught in English requires the English proficiency proof the school states.
Fit is about the work after the degree, and the schools signal it differently. Alberta offers combined degrees with digital humanities and business administration for hybrid students. British Columbia offers a dual degree with archival studies for students who want both credentials. Dalhousie offers certificates, combined degrees, work-integrated learning, and thesis options, and names alumni working as librarians, archivists, policy analysts, data and records managers, researchers, client service managers, and knowledge management consultants. Toronto's Master of Information offers concentrations within the degree, and the admissions page directs applicants to state which concentration suits their interests. Choose electives, practicum placements, and any combined or dual option by the setting aimed for after graduation, and confirm that the option is available in the admission cycle being entered, since options and intakes change.
Cost is deliberately not compared in this guide. No tuition figure, fee schedule, or funding promise is stated for any school, because tuition figures were not verified on a school fee schedule, and Dalhousie's own page labels its amounts as estimates. Application fees, tuition, and funding differ by school, by domestic or international status, and by cycle. Confirm the current fee schedule, the application fee, and any scholarship or funding deadline on the school's own pages before budgeting. The one application fee stated, Toronto's 135 Canadian dollars, is stated only because it appears on the linked Toronto admissions page, and it must still be rechecked for the cycle being entered.
Applications are school by school, with no common Canadian application. Every linked admissions page asks for transcripts from post-secondary study, references, and a written statement, but the counts, lengths, and deadlines differ, and the differences matter. British Columbia asks for two confidential references and a personal statement within 750 words. McGill asks for two references and a statement of approximately 800 to 1,000 words. Toronto asks for two academic references and a single document containing a statement of interest of 400 to 600 words plus answers to set questions, with word counts in the headings. Dalhousie asks for supporting documents through its online portal, with the admissions committee reviewing completed applications in order of completion. Alberta asks for supporting documentation alongside proof of English language proficiency and technology proficiency. Montreal's professional stream requires an internship as part of the degree, not as an application document, and its admission page must be checked for the departmental form and documents it requires.
Three application habits prevent avoidable refusals. First, apply in the cycle stated on the school page, not the cycle remembered from a summary: several linked pages state a single fall entry, and Toronto states that it does not use rolling admissions. Second, treat a stated minimum as a floor, not an offer: McGill states that meeting the minimum requirements does not guarantee acceptance, Toronto states that a mid-B average does not guarantee admission, and British Columbia states that its B+ figure is the minimum admission standard. Third, keep proof of language proficiency and transcripts ready early, since incomplete applications are not processed on the McGill page's wording, and reference letters must arrive by the stated deadline on the Toronto page's wording. Where a school states that graduate courses from a non-ALA-accredited program cannot be counted toward its degree, as McGill states, do not assume prior library coursework will transfer.
Librarians work in more settings than the public library counter, and the setting shapes the daily work more than the degree title does. Public libraries serve the general public, with collection development, reader advisory, children's and adult programming, and community information work. Academic libraries serve a university or college, with liaison work for faculties, research support, instruction in finding and evaluating sources, and management of scholarly collections and databases. Special libraries serve a single organization, such as a law firm, a hospital, a government department, or a corporation, where the collection and the questions are narrow and deep. School libraries serve students and teachers inside a school, and are treated separately below because their hiring classification differs. The NOC description covers all of these under one occupation, and no page states a separate credential for public, academic, or special library work beyond the master's degree. A posting for a specialist role, such as a health sciences librarian or a law librarian, may state subject knowledge or experience in that field as a requirement or a preference; confirm that on the posting, and use electives, practicum placements, and prior subject study to build that knowledge during the degree.
Experience before the degree helps an application and a first job search, but it does not replace the degree. Library work as a student assistant, a library clerk, a volunteer in a public library program, or a technician, where that experience is available, shows familiarity with the work and produces referees who can speak to it. Dalhousie states that no work experience is necessary for admission to its program, which shows that experience is not a universal entry requirement. Do not delay applying to a school that states no experience requirement in order to accumulate experience that school does not ask for, and do not assume that years of library work will waive the master's degree requirement for a librarian posting that states it.
School library work needs a separate check, because the classification and the hiring practice do not line up neatly. Statistics Canada's NOC definitions place elementary school librarian and secondary school librarian as inclusions under library and public archive technicians, NOC 52100, and exclude librarians, NOC 51100, from that group. A posting titled school librarian may therefore be a technician posting, a teacher posting with library duties, or a librarian posting, depending on the employer. The credential, the pay band, and the supervisor differ between those three, and the title alone does not settle which one is being offered.
No provincial or regulator page stated a province-wide rule that a school librarian must hold a teaching certificate, and this guide states no such rule. The ALA directory page's school librarianship note describes a United States setting: a master's degree with a specialty in school librarianship from a program recognized by ALA/AASL in a regionally accredited institution within an accredited education unit. That note states no Canadian province requirement and must not be carried into a Canadian posting as if it did. For any school library job, read the posting line by line for the credential it names, confirm with the school board whether a teaching certificate, a library credential, or both are required, and confirm with the provincial teaching regulator whether the role requires certification to teach. Where the posting is a technician posting, the technician credential in the next section is the relevant one.
The technician role is the most common confusion in this field, and the distinction is worth stating plainly. A library technician works under the direction of a librarian on technical tasks: assisting users in accessing materials, cataloguing new acquisitions under a librarian's direction, performing reference searches and interlibrary loans, and assisting librarians with tours and specialized programs, as Statistics Canada's NOC definitions state. A librarian selects and develops the collection, organizes and maintains it, advises users, performs related administrative duties, and supervises library technicians, assistants, and clerks, as the NOC description for librarians states. The technician implements decisions a librarian makes. The librarian is accountable for the collection and the service.
The credentials match the difference in responsibility. Technicians usually require completion of a two- to three-year college program in library and information technology, according to Statistics Canada. Librarians require the master's degree stated by Job Bank. A college diploma in library and information technology does not meet a posting that states a master's degree requirement, and a master's degree is not required for a technician posting that states a college diploma. Either credential is the wrong one for the other job. There is also a third, shorter role: library assistants and clerks, excluded from both groups in the NOC definitions, whose work is clerical and does not require either credential. Confirm which of the three roles a posting describes by its duties and its stated education requirement, not by its title alone.
Progression exists between the roles, but it runs through the credential, not through seniority alone. A technician with years of experience who wants a librarian posting must still meet the master's degree requirement stated for librarian roles, unless a specific posting states otherwise. Conversely, a master's graduate applying for a technician posting may be screened out as overqualified, or may find the work does not use the degree. Choose the route by the role aimed for, and confirm the route with the postings in the place where work is planned before enrolling.
A degree from outside Canada raises two separate questions: whether the program was ALA-accredited, and whether the employer accepts the credential. The ALA directory lists accredited programs in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico, and the directory page states that it contains listings for currently accredited programs only. A degree from an ALA-accredited program outside Canada meets the accreditation wording Job Bank states, subject to the employer's own check. A degree from a program that is not ALA-accredited does not meet that wording on accreditation alone, even if the degree title matches. Put the credential before the employer, with the program's accreditation evidence, and get the answer before relying on it.
Schools assess foreign credentials for admission on their own terms. McGill states that credentials obtained outside Canada will be assessed for equivalency with a McGill degree. Toronto directs applicants whose degrees were earned outside Canada to its international degree equivalency tool. British Columbia states that applicants from international institutions will be considered on a case-by-case basis and that academic coursework from all years is used for applicants with degrees from outside North America. Confirm the assessment process, the documents required, and any language proficiency proof on the school page before applying, and allow time for the assessment. No general recognition rule for foreign library credentials is stated in this guide, because no page stated one.
No employment outcome is promised. A master's degree meets the credential wording Job Bank states; it does not guarantee a posting, an interview, or a particular setting, salary, or location. Hiring depends on postings, competition, experience, language, and the employer's needs at the time of hiring, none of which this guide can state. No school admission is promised either: several linked pages state that meeting minimum requirements does not guarantee acceptance, and admission is competitive. No salary figure is stated, because no salary figure was verified on a linked official page. No tuition, funding, or program-length promise is stated beyond the school-specific figures carried in the school section, each attributed to the school page that stated it. Where a figure could not be verified on a linked school, accreditor, or official page, it is left out and named in the paragraph after Sources, rather than filled in from a summary.
No licence is stated. Job Bank, for Librarians under NOC 51100, states that according to its records this occupation is not regulated in Canada, and that it has no information on professional certification requirements. That is a statement about regulation, not about hiring: employers still require the master's degree described in this guide, and individual postings state their own requirements. Do not confuse ALA accreditation of a degree program with licensing of a person. Accreditation describes the program, and no licensing body is named on the linked Job Bank page.
Job Bank states the requirement as a master's degree in library science or a master's degree in library and information studies, or a master's degree from a program accredited by the American Library Association. Read that wording as the hiring bar for librarian roles under NOC 51100, not as a promise that any master's degree qualifies. A master's degree in an unrelated field, on its own, does not meet the wording Job Bank states. If your master's degree is from outside Canada, or from a program whose accreditation status is unclear, check the ALA directory and put the credential before the employer or the school before relying on it. This guide makes no hiring promise for any applicant.
The ALA searchable database linked lists eight Canadian entries with continued accreditation: University of Alberta, University of British Columbia, Dalhousie University, University of Ottawa, University of Toronto, University of Western Ontario (Western University), McGill University, and Universite de Montreal. This guide states school-level detail only for the six schools whose own pages are linked in Sources: Alberta, British Columbia, Dalhousie, Toronto, McGill, and Montreal. The University of Ottawa page could not be verified, so no Ottawa detail is stated. Western University's own admissions page could not be verified, so no Western admission detail is stated either; only its ALA listing is carried. Degree names differ by school, including Master of Library and Information Studies, Master of Information, and Master of Information Studies, and the ALA notes that accredited degrees carry several names.
Each school states its own figures, and this guide carries only the figures stated on that school's own linked page. The University of Alberta hybrid page states a completed four-year undergraduate degree with a minimum GPA of 3.0, a course-based route of 13 courses plus a capping exercise, and that a full-time student will normally be able to complete the degree requirements in two years. The University of British Columbia page states a four-year bachelor's degree and a minimum overall average in the B+ range, 76 percent at UBC, in third- and fourth-year courses. McGill's Master of Information Studies admissions page states a bachelor's degree with academic standing of at least a B, or a CGPA of 3.0 out of 4.0. The University of Toronto Faculty of Information page states a four-year bachelor's degree and a mid-B equivalent, 3.3 out of 4.0. Dalhousie states a 20-month course of study for full-time students, 15 half-credit courses plus a non-credit practicum, and no grade minimum was stated on the Dalhousie program-guide page linked, so none is stated here. The Universite de Montreal page states 51 credits for the professional stream and 45 credits for the research stream, with no grade figure carried here because none is stated on the linked school page. Confirm every figure on the school's current page before applying, because deadlines and minimums change.
No province-wide teaching-certificate rule for school librarians was verified on the linked official page, so none is stated. Two cautions apply. First, the National Occupational Classification places the titles elementary school librarian and secondary school librarian under library and public archive technicians, NOC 52100, not under librarians, NOC 51100, which means a school posting may be hiring for the technician role rather than the librarian role. Second, the ALA directory page's note about school librarianship describes a master's degree with a specialty in school librarianship from a program recognized by ALA/AASL within an accredited education unit in the United States context, and it states no Canadian province rule. A school library job is therefore a posting-level check: read the school board posting for the credential, teaching certification, or experience it actually requires, and confirm any teaching-certification question with the provincial teaching regulator or the hiring board before enrolling in anything.
They are different occupations with different credentials. Librarians, NOC 51100, select, develop, organize, and maintain library collections and provide advisory services, and Job Bank states that a master's degree in library science or library and information studies, or an ALA-accredited master's degree, is required. Library and public archive technicians (NOC 52100) assist users in accessing library or archive resources, assist in describing new acquisitions, participate in archive processing and storage, and conduct reference searches, and catalogue new acquisitions under the direction of a librarian. Technicians usually require completion of a two- to three-year college program in library and information technology, according to Statistics Canada's NOC definitions. The technician route is a college diploma route into supervised technical work. The librarian route is a master's degree route into professional work, including supervision of technicians, assistants, and clerks. Choosing the wrong route wastes years, so match the credential to the posting's NOC wording before applying.
Figures not stated in this guide, and where to confirm them: no salary figure is stated, because no salary figure was verified on a linked official page. No tuition figure is stated for any school, because no fee schedule could be verified and Dalhousie's own page labels its amounts as estimates that vary year to year; confirm tuition on each school's current fee schedule. No English language test score is stated for British Columbia or McGill, because no readable scores are stated on the linked school pages; confirm the required test and score on each school's page. No grade minimum is stated for Dalhousie and no grade figure or deadline is stated for the Universite de Montreal professional stream, because none is stated on the linked school pages; confirm both on those schools' admission pages. No Western University admission figure, course count, or duration is stated, because Western's own admissions page could not be verified; only its continued accreditation listing in the ALA database is carried, and all Western detail must be confirmed on Western's own pages. No University of Ottawa detail is stated, because its page could not be verified. No province-wide teaching-certificate rule for school librarians is stated, because none was verified on a linked official page. Recheck the ALA directory and each school page named in Sources on the day an application is prepared, and recheck the Job Bank NOC 51100 page if the credential wording is ever in doubt.